Overview

Night photography is one of my favorite branches of the photography tree. It is not
your standard shots: long exposures at night allow for surprises and interesting effects;
lighting is provided by the moon or artificial; plus numerous other unknown factors
(such as airplanes) all play into night photography.

Here’s a few tips and things I’ve picked up while shooting night photography. Hopefully it
is helpful to you and encourages you to get out there and shoot. Sometimes the dark of night
is the only free time we can find for ourselves and photography.

Most Important

In my mind, the two most important things for night photography is:
(1) Warm clothes and (2) Food and Drink. If you are hungry or cold you aren’t going
to be motivated to stand out there and shoot 20 minute exposures.

Ok, so we aren’t hungry or cold, so next, you should probably have a
camera and film/memory/batteries. Digital or film doesn’t matter much, what
is really important is Bulb, or long exposure settings on your camera. Many
small point-and-shoot digital cameras are limited to this respect. My Canon S410’s
longest exposure is only 15 seconds, barely adequate for anything but bright lights.

Another great thing, but not necessary, for night photography is a comrade photographer.
Some one to give you a little extra encouragement to get out, to stand with you and chat
with during the long exposures, another vision and set of ideas. Plus having some one else
there gives you a sense of security in the dead of night, especially if you are in shady
neighborhoods where all the great shots hide.

Technique – Handheld Night Photography

A tripod is also pretty important, but as these handheld shots show, you don’t always
need one. The following three shots were at Times Square, handheld, four second exposures:

Technique – Exposure Time

One of the hardest parts of night photography is getting the exposure close, let
alone getting the right exposure. Numerous factors come into play from light source:
moon, artificial, reflections; to film type and reciprocity.
A big advantage for digital cameras is being able to see what you captured immediately,
which at least gives you an idea if you’re in the right ballpark.

I have an exposure calculator and write up on Exposures for Moonlight Photography.
However this only covers the instances when you are taking pictures only by the light of the moon,
this does not cover any city shots, or weird combos of artificial light and moonlight.

The single greatest method to get the right exposure is: practice, practice, practice; and
take good notes. Usually all I record is the subject and exposure time. I normally shoot night
stuff at f/8, if I differ I’ll make note of it too.

For city shots with a fair amount of light, you can still meter and be reasonably
close. If you take into account reciprocity, film sensitivity falls off with more time, you
should be alright. Reciprocity is tricky, black and white films have a much steeper fall off,
while slide film is more consistent. You can see these
reciprocity tables for a better idea on it.
Digital has no reciprocity issues, so digital exposures
at night are usually much shorter than film.

Photography Equipment – Tripod

Tripod — probably one of the most important pieces of night
photography is the tripod. You want something solid and sturdy, but light
and flexible so that you’ll want to carry it wherever you want to go.

I have a three tripods: medium, light and tiny.
My medium tripod is a Bogen/Manfrotto legs and head: legs are model 3001BN and the
ball head is 3055. I’m perfectly content with the head and would recommend it.
The tripod legs I would recommend an alternate model, the Bogen 3021B, that model
comes with quick release knobs for extending the legs. My tripod legs are screw
knobs and it takes a little more time to extend.

My light tripod is the Velbon Ultra Maxi. This one is nice, light,
packable but is also light weight. The maximum height isn’t that great and it can only hold my 35mm gear with a small lens.
A great travel tripod and one to always have around, but not a work horse.

My tiny tripod is one of the table top models, a Bogen 3007 I hardly ever use it for
night photography but I always have it in my bag. These little tripods are strong, I’ve used them with my Hasselblad without problems.

That is just my equipment, people seem to be very particular with their tripod selection;
quick release system and other options. Here are a few other articles discussing it:

• Cheap and Compact
• Serious Support
• Tripods, Heads and Quick Release

Photography Equipment – Film

Film — Your choice of film has a lot to do with what results you will
get in night photography pictures. Tungsten balanced film is very common to use
in night photography, such as Fuji’s 64T, which is the primary film I use.

Tungsten balanced films will tend to give you more blue or purplish colors
which people tend to associate with night photography. Fuji’s Provia is also
another popular film for night work. I’ve used Kodak Porta 400VC, the
results were more of an orange tint, not quite as pleasant. Again:
practice, experiment and take good notes.

For black and white film, I’ve used Kodak Tri-X and Ilford HP5 and FP4 films.
The Ilford films have slightly better reciprocity, but I wouldn’t declare
any of the films to be clearly superior. For reciprocity alone, Kodak’s T-Max seems to
be best, but I’ve always avoided T-Max, I think my early B&W instructor scared me away
from it.

I plan to experiment more with black and white films and development techniques
for night photography. I’ll post my results when complete.

Non-Photography Equipment

Flash Lights
You will probably need some form of light just to see depending
how dark it is and where you are shooting; loading film in the dark
always sounds easier than it is. The new little LED key chains are
bright, last a long time and work pretty well. You may also want to use lights
to brighten elements in the scene; different colored lights can add some fun
effects.

I personally have a few LED key chains, blue and white; I have a big Mag-light
flashlight and a few mini-Mags. If I’m lucky I remember to bring one of
my flashlights.

Timer
The simple matter of timing your exposures: you can use anything from counting in your
head, a watch or a friend of mine uses his Palm Pilot. I normally use kitchen timers or
if short enough count in my head. Here’s two timers that I’ve tried out:

	the Polder 898-90 is a very loud timer; I do not recommend this one, it ruins the serenity of night and alerts people to your presence; though it is easier to program longer exposures.
	I recommend the Polder 212-00, this one has multiple settings to turn off sound, vibrate mode and even a visible light alarm.

Night Photography Resources

• The Nocturnes
• John Perkinson’s Night Photography Equipment Write Up

Overview

Here’s a rough chart to give a starting point for estimating moonlight photography exposures.
Note, this is taking a photo of an subject illuminated by moonlight and not a photo of the moon itself.
I welcome your comments, experience or tips on improving this information.

Remember: experience, practice, patience and bracketing will help all shots. Take good notes.

Subject in Moonlight – Dynamic On-line Form

Launch Exposure Calculator

moon phases

Subject in Moonlight – Static Chart

The following exposures are for f/8 using ISO-100 slide film.
See the dynamic form below for different aperture and film settings. The exposure
times are rough starting points, the subject surface (reflection), ambient light and
other factors will effect your exposure. When in doubt, bracket.

Moon Phase	Days after Full	Adj. Stops	Exposure Time
Full Moon	–	–	8 mins
Gibbous Moon	3-4 days after	1.5 stops	22 mins
Quarter Moon	7 days after	3.5 stops	1 hr 30 mins
Crescent Moon	10-11 days after	6.5 stops	10+ hours
New Moon	14 days after	13.5 stops	Not Practical

Note: The moon phases are reflexive, so 3 days after a full moon is the same
as 3 days before a full moon.

Sources for Full Moon exposure:

Moonlight Reflected on Pacific
Full Moon. f/8, 4 mins, Fuji 64t

Kodak Recommendation from Trial Exposures Under Difficult Lighting Conditions

Adjusted: ISO 100 film at f/8 is 8 minutes

Another rule of thumb is the Looney 16 Rule, which says the full moon is roughly 250,000 times dimmer than the sun, which works out to 18 stops less light than full sunlight. (2^18 = 262,144) The sunny-16 rule for full sunlight says for ISO 100 film, expose f/16 at 1/125, so adjust this 18-stops.

Adjusted: ISO 100 film at f/8 is 8 min 30 seconds

So I used the base exposure for ISO 100 film at f/8 as 8 minutes, since 30 seconds of 8 mins is only a difference of 6% which is a small difference overall.

Calculating Luminance for non-Full Moon

Keep in mind that the days right around the full moon is brightest and then it falls off very quickly. [See the Chart: Earth Surface Lunar Illumination] Also published on the LunarLight site, is the following table which shows the calculated LV values for the above stated moon phases.

Reciprocity Failure

Reciprocity Failure is a problem that occurs with film’s ability to evenly measure light during long exposures. The characteristics of film is that during an exposure it is initially very sensitive to light but as exposure time increases the film’s ability to record light is diminished. So what a light meter may tell you should be a 1-minute exposure, for a particular film that exposure may actually need to be 8-minutes.

Black and White films are effective more by the reciprocity failure than color or slide film. Check your film data sheet for it’s characteristics and tables. Data sheets uses were collected from numerous sources (see below).

Unfortunately not all sources publish the same data, most sources have incomplete data for films and even manufacturer data seems suspect especially for very long exposures. All the best efforts were put in to give reasonable values.

Here are the Reciprocity Tables used for the calculations. Linear interpolation used for in between values. Please let me know if you have corrections, suggestions or more data available.

Addendum: Stop Calculations Explained

Resources

• The Nocturnes
• How Bright is Moonlight? by C. D. “Kit” Courter. LunarLight Photography
  Also credit for Looney 16 Rule
• Melbourne Planetarium (general Moon info)
• See Reciprocity Tables for detailed information on reciprocity data and sources.